Since its discovery in southern Italy in 2014, the small hive beetle (Aethina tumida) has posed a serious threat to European honey bees and beekeeping. Originating from sub-Saharan Africa, it coexists there relatively harmlessly with native bee species. However, in Europe, bees are unprepared and vulnerable to this intruder.
What does the beetle look like?
The adult beetle is 5–7 mm long and 2.5–3.5 mm wide – about one-third the size of a worker bee. It has club-shaped antennae, short wing covers, and a dark brown to black body. The larvae reach up to 12 mm in length, are creamy white, and resemble wax moth larvae at first glance, but differ by lacking abdominal legs and having two tail spines.
How does it cause damage?
The larvae cause the damage, feeding on honey, pollen, dead bees, and even brood. Weakened colonies and those with poor hygiene are especially vulnerable. The larvae destroy combs, leaving slime and fermenting honey, making it unusable. Adult beetles can overwinter inside the cluster of bees.
How does it spread?
After spreading to North America and Australia, the beetle reached Europe. Although its reproduction is slower in colder climates like Austria, studies show it can survive and establish populations, as seen in parts of the U.S. and Canada.
What measures has Europe taken?
The EU has restricted bee imports from Italy, including queens and packages. Though not yet found in Austria, authorities warn beekeepers not to import bees from affected regions and to inspect their hives regularly.
How to recognize it and what to do?
Beekeepers should inspect hives for all stages of the beetle. Suspicious specimens should be collected in sealed containers, frozen overnight, or preserved in 70% alcohol and immediately reported to local veterinary authorities.
